Positioning
While German Chancellor Angela Merkel was discussing, among other things, the occupation strategy for Afghanistan, Tuesday with US President Barack Obama, there were indications of tensions rising in Northern Afghanistan, affecting above all two German military bases. While insurgents are in control of a growing amount of territory in Kunduz, new uprisings are now threatening also in Mazar-e-Sharif. Last week, the local Governor, Mohammed Attah Noor, who has been accused of serious war crimes [1] threatened on various occasions to provoke insurgency, if Hamid Karzai should win the elections. Noor has allied himself with Karzai's rival, Abdullah Abdullah. What remains unclear is whether Mohammed Attah Noor will still carry out his threats, now that Abdullah has withdrawn from the run-offs. But what is clear is that Karzai has prepared himself. The US media has reported that the warlord Abdul Rashid Dostum has begun positioning himself in Northern Afghanistan. In his war against the Taliban in the fall of 2001, Dostum had had up to 1,500 of his adversaries' die of thirst inside a locked container in the desert heat. Since last summer, he has allied himself with Karzai. According to the Washington Post, he is preparing to put down any uprising that Mohammed Attah Noor should instigate.[2]
Total Disintegration
Rivalry between the warlords is being accentuated by Washington's contemplations to downgrade the pact with Hamid Karzai. "Most of Afghanistan that's stable is under local control," says a US official quoted by the Washington Post. The question is will it be "easier to achieve, and more effective," by cooperating directly with the local forces than continuing to depend on a weak central government in Kabul.[3] In fact, President Obama recently commissioned high-ranking government officials to make an analysis of Afghanistan, province by province, evaluating the true power relationships and the possibilities of having influence. Washington will be evaluating not only the governors of the provinces, but also the so-called tribal leaders and local militias, reported the US press. The thought of downgrading Karzai and turning toward local leaders, is alone enough to further reinforce the centrifugal forces at the Hindu Kush, leading to a total disintegration of Afghanistan into territories of rival warlord militias.
Vigilantism
Faced with this disastrous development, admission of defeat can be heard in Berlin. The Heinrich-Boell Foundation (Green Party), which had given blanket support to Western occupation policy, is now admitting that through the overthrow of the Taliban, "with the warlords of the Northern Alliance, a corrupt and undemocratic new leadership has been installed in the country." Today the Foundation declares that "the [western] military is also losing the population's goodwill through its random air raids and searches."[4] The propagated objective, the enhancement of the role of Afghan women, has also proved a failure. "Women's participation in public life is receding." "Attacks, vigilantism or court proceedings violating basic human and women's rights are on the daily agenda." The situation is deteriorating "in lockstep with growing frustration over failures and the malfunctioning of the existing democratic structures."[5]
5,000 not 135,000
Without any illusions, Thomas Ruttig, the Boell Foundation's expert on Afghanistan, recently reported on the presidential elections in August. According to Ruttig, voter registration with 17 million "names" is already "questionable." In Kabul he learned that at most 2.5 million people cast their votes rather than 5.5 million, as officially announced. EU observers concluded that up to one fourth of these votes are of a "questionable nature". If this would be the case, 1.8 million of the total 28 million Afghans would, in the final analysis, have cast their ballots. But according to the UN, only 38,000 and possibly only 5,000 persons participated in the elections in the Helmand province, where Karzai claims to have received 113,000 of an alleged 135,000 votes. Winfried Nachtwei, former Green Party military specialist, is now speaking even of the election's "total lack of legitimation".[6]
Not Fair
A disgruntled media is pointing to the fact that the People's Republic of China is enhancing its standing in Afghanistan at the very moment that the West is looking for an exit. A Chinese company has just received the concession to tap the copper reserves in Aynak, south east of Kabul, which is presently considered one of the world's largest unexploited copper reserves. Western companies, such as the US Phelps Dodge copper company did not win the bid. In the future, China could "become the dominant force in Afghanistan's potentially lucrative minerals sector," predicts the president of the Afghan-American Chamber of Commerce.[7] "The world isn't fair" is what one hears in Washington concerning the fact that, in spite of Western military presence, the Afghan government favored a Chinese enterprise, because it had offered a better Aynak deal.[8] But this exemplifies that Washington and Berlin are trying to delay their retreat from Afghanistan not only because it would be humiliating defeat. It would also mean a weakening of their standing in relation to their rival Beijing.
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