Fair and Substantial—Taxing the Financial Sector
Carlo Cottarelli
Carlo Cottarelli is Director of the IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department. He was previously with the Research Department of the Bank of Italy. In his IMF career he has been Deputy Director of the European Department and the Policy Development and Review Department. He has written papers on fiscal and monetary policy and edited books on inflation, monetary policy, and exchange rates.
Push for Global Bank Tax Bogs Down
Canada, Australia, Japan oppose initiative; U.S., France, Germany and U.K. still favor proposal
By BOB DAVIS
WASHINGTON—Support for a global bank tax to cover the cost of future financial crises appeared to be losing steam after a weekend of discussions by finance ministers and central bankers.
Although the U.S., Germany, France and the U.K. still support the idea, Canada, Australia and Japan are firmly opposed, according to finance ministers and other people attending International Monetary Fund meetings. The list of opponents also has grown to include Brazil, Switzerland and some Asian countries.
![[BANKTAX]](http://si.wsj.net/public/resources/images/EI-BB717_BANKTA_DV_20100425165025.jpg)
Reuters Canadian Finance Minister Jim Flaherty, shown at a news conference in Ottawa in March, has emerged as a forceful opponent of the proposed tax.
Bank-tax skeptics worry that the tax would be punitive, weaken banks looking to raise capital and create incentives for banks to shift business to countries that don't impose the tax. Others fear a bank tax could divert attention from what they consider a more-pressing priority: devising new rules to ensure banks have bigger capital cushions to absorb losses.
Dutch central banker Nout Wellink, chairman of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, which is putting together new banking regulations, said that consideration of taxes should be put off for at least a year until the committee finishes its work.
"What we should do first is finalize the [Basel] process," he said in an interview. "Then we can ask ourselves if national proposals are still necessary and useful."
Canadian Finance Minister Jim Flaherty, wise-cracking and plain-spoken, also became a forceful voice against the tax during the IMF meetings. Canada's influence was magnified because it hosts the next meeting of leaders of the Group of 20 industrialized and developing countries in Toronto in June.
Mr. Flaherty successfully pressed the IMF to study an alternative Canada favors: requiring big banks to raise "contingent capital," an automatic financial shock-absorber that would be triggered in another crisis.
There are a variety of contingent-capital proposals, a concept favored by many academics. In one version, banks would issue debt that automatically turns into equity if banks run into trouble. Proponents say such securities would provide a powerful disincentive for bank management to engage in risky behavior because conversion of the debt would dilute stock held by shareholders.
Contingent capital also would reduce debt-service burdens for banks by turning debt, on which interest must be paid, into equity, for which dividends can be suspended in a pinch. The proposals face a number of practical problems, including how to set a conversion mechanism and value the securities.
A French official said contingent capital doesn't serve the same function as a tax. The point of the levy, the official said, "is not just to bring in extra resources, but also to discourage excessive risk-taking and prevent systemic risk. No matter how elaborate capital requirements are, there is always a proportion of systemic risk that they don't capture. For that you need a tax."
Last week, the IMF triggered a global debate with a leaked proposal that G-20 nations adopt two bank taxes. One would be a tax on balance sheets, "possibly" including off-balance-sheet items, but excluding capital and insured liabilities, to pay for the costs of winding down troubled financial institutions. The other is a tax levied on the sum of profits and compensation of financial institutions to help finance the broader costs of a financial crisis.
"We knew we were in for a tough time when the leaders of the G-20 asked the IMF to give them our views," Carlo Cottarelli, a senior IMF official, wrote in a blog post on Sunday, saying the IMF would continue its analysis of the tax in preparation for the Toronto summit. "The last thing we want to do is to repress/bury the financial sector by imposing a heavy burden; like the food supply, it means too many good things for economic growth."
The U.S. remains committed to a bank tax. U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said he figured many other countries would follow the U.S. lead. The U.K. has said it would only go along with a tax if it was imposed globally. The U.K. would use the money for general budget purposes, while Germany would reserve it for coping with future financial crises.Hyun Song Shin, an adviser to South Korea's president, said that G-20 countries could make tradeoffs between those governments that favor a tax and those that don't. A tough limit on bank leverage, or borrowing, could serve the same purpose as a bank tax, "since both have the effect of constraining excessive asset growth," the adviser said. South Korea will host a summit of G-20 leaders in November. The meeting is important because the G-20 set year end as its goal for reaching a deal on a number of financial regulatory proposals.
—Nathalie Boschat contributed to this article.Write to Bob Davis at bob.davis@wsj.com
Fair and Substantial—Taxing the Financial Sector
We knew we were in for a tough time when the leaders of the Group of Twenty (G-20) asked the IMF to give them our views, at their summit coming up in June 2010, on “… the range of options countries have adopted or are considering as to how the financial sector could make a fair and substantial contribution toward paying for any burden associated with government interventions to repair the banking system.”
Everyone has strong feelings these days on the taxation of the financial sector. Taxpayers who financed the rescue of the financial sector during the recent crisis want their money back—or at least not to get caught again. Some want to see more of the money coursing through the financial system turned to public use.
The industry worries about new taxes coming on top of the swathe of regulatory reforms that likely lies ahead for them. And some governments in countries whose financial sector weathered the storm pretty well wonder why they should now ask it for cash. Responding to the request from the G-20 leaders puts us in the middle of all these concerns.
Last week the IMF gave an interim report to the G-20 finance ministers focused on the specific question we were asked: what are the options in raising money from the financial sector to pay for the costs of government intervention from which it benefits. That report is confidential, but—you may have noticed—has still managed to attract a lot of attention. So let me set out how our thinking on this stands.
Our aim is to take a cool look at the issues about which everyone gets so heated. The options we have come up with so far—this interim report will be revised for the June summit—won’t please everyone (or, maybe, anyone), but can, we hope, help move the public debate ahead by bringing some economic and financial analysis to bear. In doing this we looked forward more than back. Revenge is not a good principle for tax design, but averting and preparing for future harm is.
What is to be done?
The challenge is to ensure that financial institutions bear the direct fiscal costs that any future failures or crises will impose—and maybe somewhat more, given all the other costs that bank failure can impose on the economy.
We also need to make these events both less likely to happen and less costly when they do. We think two types of tax can play a role.
A ‘Financial Stability Contribution’—I come to bury Caesar, not to bail him out
One reason the crisis was such a painful mess was that many governments did not have the tools to wind down failing institutions in a quick and orderly manner. All too often their only options, both hugely unpleasant, were to either (1) let a systemic institution fail and bear the chaotic fallout or (2) pump in enough public support to keep it alive, so confirming the prior suspicion that these institutions were indeed too big to fail. Governments lacked a way to ‘resolve’—a new word even for many economists—large failing institutions.
Resolution means equity holders would be wiped out, management replaced, and unsecured creditors take a loss—a ‘haircut’—on their claims. All this should be nasty enough for owners and managers to reduce any problems of ‘moral hazard’ (taking too much risk in the expectation that someone else will bear the costs if things turn out badly). But most countries still don’t have such a mechanism. Financial stability requires creating them.
So where does the idea of a contribution come in? R
esolution requires upfront cash, to reduce uncertainty for creditors (and the creditors’ creditors…) by quickly giving some value to their claims. And the industry should pay for this: it is, or should be, a cost of doing business just like paying for deposit insurance, or maintaining their information systems. This is what we call a Financial Stability Contribution (FSC).
It would ensure that the industry does indeed pay a reasonable chunk of these resolution costs before a crisis occurs, with this amount topped up, if needed, by ‘ex post’ charges after disaster strikes (much as the Financial Crisis Responsibility fee proposed in the United States aims to recoup some of the costs of public support).
Costs of the crisis
Incidentally, as a first step, we tried to figure out how much the recent crisis has cost governments in terms of the direct support they provided to the financial sector. The answer is: so far, about 2.7 percent of GDP for the group of advanced G-20 countries. More for some, less for others – including most emerging market countries.
That’s a sizable sum, but the risks during the crisis were even larger, with guarantees and other contingent liabilities averaging around 25 percent of GDP for the advanced G-20. And all that ignores indirect fiscal costs caused by the recession and (to a lesser extent) stimulus measures—which is causing a surge in public debt—and, perhaps most cruelly, of all, a cumulative loss of output of around 27 percent of GDP.
The FSC would start as a simple levy on some balance sheet (and, possibly, off-balance sheet) variables, but then be refined to strengthen the link with each institution’s contribution to systemic risk—giving them some incentive to reduce it. It would be permanent (to keep that beneficial effect at work, at least until regulatory solutions are felt to have done enough) and paid by all financial institutions (because they all benefit from the greater financial stability the resolution mechanism provides).
Whether the revenue from such a charge should be treated just like other tax revenue or instead feed an earmarked fund to help with resolutions is secondary. The fiscal impact is the same (assuming of course, other policies are not affected by whether there is or not an earmarked fund): the government has to sell fewer bonds on the open market, either because it has more tax revenue or because it has a captive customer in the fund. The main argument for a fund is that it could provide more assurance that the agency in charge of resolution has ready access to the resources it needs.
A ‘Financial Activities Tax’
A FAT is just a tax on the sum of the profits and remuneration paid by financial institutions. That sounds simple, and, in essence, it is. But why an extra tax on financial institutions? Here, I’m afraid, things get a bit nerdy. So brace up for what is coming.
Profits plus all remuneration is value added. So a tax of this kind would be a kind of Value-Added Tax or VAT. And that could make sense because current VATs don’t work well for financial services, which are largely VAT-exempt. This means that a FAT of this kind could make the tax treatment of the financial sector more like that other sectors and so help offset a tendency for the financial sector, purely for tax reasons, to be too large—or too fat.
Now suppose that the base included only remuneration above some high level, and only profits above a ‘normal’ rate of return. Then the base of the FAT may not be a bad proxy for taxes on ‘rents’—return in excess of competitive levels—earned in the sector. Some might find taxing that excess fair.
Or one might include only profits above some level well above normal. Taxing away some of these high returns in good times may help correct for any tendency to excessive risk-taking implied by financial institutions not attaching enough weight to outcomes in bad times (whether because of limited liability, or because they think themselves too big to fail).
What about a financial transactions tax?
We also looked at the idea of a general financial transactions tax (FTT)—the last few months have left us in no doubt as to the seriousness of the public support this enjoys. This would be a tax paid every time a share, bond, or other financial instrument is bought or sold, and/or whenever foreign currency is bought or sold.
Our work is not yet complete—this is an interim report, remember—but, while some forms of FTT may be feasible (indeed most G-20 countries already tax some financial transactions), we don’t think this is the best way of meeting the two key objectives set out above. An FTT is not focused on reducing systemic risk and it isn’t effective at taxing rents in the financial sector—much of the burden may well fall on ordinary consumers.
Moreover, the financial services industry is very good at devising schemes to get around such a tax and (this is also true, to be fair, of the FSC and FAT, but we suspect to a lesser extent).
One way to think about the comparison is that just as a FAT is like a VAT, an FTT is like a turnover tax—and most countries have long found that the VAT is better at raising revenue: in the jargon, more efficient. All this doesn’t mean we rule out an FTT in other contexts—but it is not the most effective way to address the task at hand.
Should everyone do this?
Several countries that did not need to pour large resources into their financial institutions are naturally reluctant to lumber them with more charges. At the same time, financial institutions are so adept at tax and regulatory arbitrage that those countries who do want to act fear they may be undercut by those who don’t.
But this tension is not as great as it may seem.
If financial history teaches us anything, it is that no one should think themselves immune from failures and crisis. Moreover, if the FSC in particular is properly risk-adjusted, countries with safer systems will simply face a smaller contribution. And importantly, the last thing we want to do is to repress/bury the financial sector by imposing a heavy burden; like the food supply, it means too many good things for economic growth.
Next
What we gave to G-20 ministers was an interim report, and we will be working more on this in the light of their discussion last Friday.
We will continue too to listen to what others tell us. One theme of our work that has already been widely stressed is that any tax initiatives need to be coordinated with regulatory ones—so we have some number-crunching, as well as more tough times, ahead of us. Still, we hope to contribute to the debate on what really matters in all this: how to reduce the risk, and costliness, of future financial failures.
Carlo Cottarelli is Director of the IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department.
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