During the institution of the German Customers Union (1834/Zollverein), plans were first developed for a "large-area economy" under German leadership. The manufacturing nations of Prussia and Austria were to assume hegemony over an area extending from the North Sea to the Black Sea. The countries of eastern and south-eastern Europe were assigned the status of producers of food and raw materials. At the same time they were to serve as markets for German products and as a trade bridge to the Middle East. Areas of Africa and Latin America were seen as "complementary zones".
Friedrich List
Aalen: Scientia-Verlag, 1971
Beside economic penetration by means of railroad construction and the provision of capital, a nationalistic or racial (v�kische) form of German expansionism arose during the second half of the 19th century, aiming at territorial annexation and the undermining and control of the targeted European states by, among other things, strengthening German minorities. This goal was fostered primarily by the leaders of heavy industry, large property owners (junkers) and the middle classes. Their most important mouthpiece became the "Pan-German Union" founded around 1890. A second faction, recruited primarily among circles of the newer industries such as the electrical, chemical and export industries, favoured the expansion and the securing of German economic hegemony in Europe by means of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements. Their prime representative institution before the First World War was the "Central European Economic Association" founded in 1903.
Von einem Alldeutschen
Berlin 1895
Arthur Dix
Leipzig: Dieterich Verlag, 1912
Konrad von Winterstetten
München 1915
Willibald Gutsche
In: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 20 (1972), S. 533-549
Zdenek Jindra
In: Obermann, Karl (Hg.): Probleme der Ökonomie und Politik in den Beziehungen zwischen Ost- und Westeuropa vom 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart. Schriftenreihe der Kommission der Historiker der DDR und der CSR Band 3, Berlin 1960, S. 139-162
Friedrich Naumann
Berlin 1915 Thomas G. Masaryk
In: The New Europe, 1916 André Chéradame
New York 1917
Martin Bennhold
In: Marxistische Blätter 6 (1992), S. 58-65 Put on the defensive by the loss of the war and the ensuing peace treaties, German policy was first concerned with the prevention of multilateral trade agreements to which it was not a participant, e.g. a Danube Federation between Austria and eastern and south-eastern European states. German foreign policy activities in the Weimar Republic were directed in equal measure against the French "Pan-Europe Project", which was to preclude the possibility of German hegemony on the continent. One essential means of "quiet diplomacy" for the maintenance of large-area claims was the secret, liberal funding of German minorities in eastern and south-eastern Europe.
Martin Bennhold
In: Marxistische Blätter 1 (1993), S. 64-70
Dirk Stegmann
In: Stegmann, Dirk; Wendt, Bernd-Jürgen; Will, Peter-Christian (Hg.), 1978 Industrielle Gesellschaft und politisches System. Beiträge zur politischen Sozialgeschichte Festschrift für Fritz Fischer zum siebzigsten Geburtstag Bonn: Verlag Neue Gesellschaft, 1978, S. 203-221
Wilhelm Gürge/Wilhelm Grotkopp (Hg.)
Berlin 1931
Joachim Petzold
In: Jahrbuch für Geschichte der sozialistischen Länder Europas Band 19/2 (1975), S. 173-183
Erwin Wiskemann
Berlin 1933
A. Deborin
In: Neue Welt 22 (1954), 2733-2747
Wolfgang Schumann/Ludwig Nestler (Hg.)
Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1975
Gerhart Hass/Wolfgang Schumann (Hg.)
Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1972
Dietrich Eichholtz/Wolfgang Schumann (Hg.)
Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1969
Wolfgang Schumann (Hg.)
Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1973
Manfred Menger/Fritz Petrick/Wolfgang Wilhelmus (Hg.)
Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1987
Götz Aly/Christoph Diekmann u.a. (Hg.)
Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag 1992
Christoph Diekmann/Matthias Hamann u.a. (Hg.)
Berlin: Verlag der Buchläden, 1995
Richard Riedl
In: Reinhard Opitz (Hg.): Europastrategien des deutschen Kapitals 1900-1945, Bonn (Pahl-Rugenstein Nachfolger) 1994, S. 990-1007 Through the Marshall Plan and the avoidance of reparations in the London Debt Agreement of 1952, Germany rapidly became the leading economic power in Europe. Former plans for a European large-area economy without trade barriers under German leadership were pursued through the establishment of and participation in the European Economic Community (EEC), later the European Community (EC) and the European Union (EU). As early as the nineteen-fifties the German economy already supplanted the American and West-European competition in the eastern and south-eastern European states. The Hallstein-Doctrine notwithstanding, Germany became the foremost trading power in eastern and south-eastern Europe after the Soviet Union. Credit agreements and an imbalance in the terms of trade were used to drive eastern and south-eastern European states into debt and long-term dependence.
Gerhard Schröder
In: Auswärtiges Amt der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Vom Kalten Krieg zum Frieden in Europa. Dokumente von 1949-1989
Ludolf Herbst
In: Wolfgang Benz (Hg.): Die Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Band 2: Wirtschaft
Franz Josef Strauß
Stuttgart: Seewald Verlag, 1968
Reinhard Opitz
In: Marxistische Blätter 6 (1986), S. 21-30 Martin Bennhold
In: Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik 8 (1992), S. 977-989
Friedrich Wilhelm Christians
Bankier im Spannungsfeld zwischen Ost und West
After the end of the socialist system German economic interests strove for a separation of economically lucrative areas and production zones and their complete detachment from economically uninteresting and debt-ridden areas in eastern and south-eastern Europe.
Hans Peter Linss, Roland Schönfeld (Hg.)
Festschrift für Walter Althammer zum 65. Geburtstag
Wolfgang Michal
Berlin: Rowohlt, 1995
Stefan Eggerdinger
In: Streitbarer Materialismus Nr. 21 (1997), S. 7-62
German economic expansion
Before 1871
This continental imperialism was to endow Germany with major-power status in competition with Russia and the naval powers of England and France. The economic penetration of large areas of eastern and south-eastern Europe was based on control of the Danube plus the construction of railroad lines, which Prussian and Austrian financiers were pushing ahead rapidly.
Das nationale System der politischen Ökonomie (1841)
In: Schriften, Reden, Briefe Band VII, hrsg. von Friedrich Lenz - Neudruck
ISBN 3-511-02550-81871-1918
In spite of differences in strategy, both groups agreed on the goal of a European large-area economy under German dominance, that - as described in many plans, popular brochures and strategy papers - was meanwhile expected to extend from the North Sea to the Persian Gulf. Both factions subsumed this goal under the designation of "Central Europe". Because the peaceful penetration by means of capital loans and trade agreements met with difficulties and growing opposition, both factions agreed to seek a solution in the forcible establishment of a "major Central European economic region" over against England, France, Russian and the US. This was the primary German motive for unleashing the First World War.
Großdeutschland um das Jahr 1950
Deutscher Imperialismus
Berlin-Bagdad
Neue Ziele mitteleuropäischer Politik (12. Auflage)
Mitteleuropaplanungen in der Außenpolitik des deutschen Imperialismus vor 1918
Über die ökonomischen Grundlagen der "Mitteleuropa"-Ideologie des deutschen Imperialismus
Mitteleuropa
Pangermanism and the Eastern Question
The Pangerman Plot Unmasked
Europa: Expansionsstrategien und -ideologien des deutschen Kapitals 1840-19181918-1945
In 1925 a lobby organisation was formed, the German Group of the Central European Economic Conference, to promote the realisation of German large-area plans. Immediately after the world economic crisis of 1929/30 (and not only, as has been maintained by propaganda, after 1933 under Nazi rule) new plans for a now openly termed "German large-area economy". This aimed at the long-term subordination and control of large areas of eastern and central Europe through the conclusion of bilateral currency-free trade agreements. They proceeded on the basic assumption that German industrial products were to be traded for eastern and central European agricultural products and raw materials. The "new plan" of Minister for Economic Affairs Schacht in 1934 made such clearing agreements the decisive instrument of National Socialist foreign policy in preparation for World War II. Important segments of German import demand were re-routed from South America to eastern and south-eastern Europe, so that for war purposes a source of food and raw materials would be available that could not be blockaded. For the long-term implementation of an"organic division of labour" in the European large-area economy, strategists of the Central European Economic Conference under the leadership of IG Farben worked in cooperation with the German government during the nineteen-thirties for the restructuring of the eastern and south-eastern European economy. The goal of this effort was the extensive de-industrialisation of this area and the orientation of its agricultural production toward the demands of the German market. Beside the ransacking of important resources, this long-term goal continued to be pursued during World War II. Military hegemony over the economic "complementary area" was indispensible for the German war-waging capacity.
Europa: Expansionsstrategien und -ideologien des deutschen Kapitals 1918 bis heute
"Mitteleuropa" 1925-1934 Zum Problem der Kontinuität deutscher Außenhandelspolitik von Stresemann bis Hitler
ISBN 3-87831-269-5
28.- DM
Großraumwirtschaft
Der Weg zur europäischem Einheit
Zur Kontinuität der Balkanpolitik des deutschen Imperialismus in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik
Mitteleuropa
Eine deutsche Aufgabe
Die Mitteleuropa-Idee in der Propaganda der deutschen Imperialisten
Zur Geschichte der ideologischen Vorbereitung der beiden Weltkriege
Weltherrschaft im Visier
Dokumente zu den Europa- und Weltherrschaftsplänen des deutschen Imperialismus von der Jahrhundertwende bis Mai 1945
(nur noch antiquarisch oder über Bibliotheken erhältlich)
Anatomie der Aggression
Neue Dokumente zu den Kriegszielen des faschistischen deutschen Imperialismus im zweiten Weltkrieg
(nur noch antiquarisch oder über Bibliotheken erhältlich)
Anatomie des Krieges
Neue Dokumente über die Rolle des deutschen Monopolkapitals bei der Vorbereitung und Durchführung des zweiten Weltkrieges
(nur noch antiquarisch oder über Bibliotheken erhältlich)
Griff nach Südosteuropa
Neue Dokumente über die Politik des deutschen Imperialismus und Militarismus gegenüber Südosteuropa im zweiten Weltkrieg
(nur noch antiquarisch oder über Bibliotheken erhältlich)
Expansionsrichtung Nordeuropa
Dokumente zur Nordeuropapolitik des faschistischen deutschen Imperialismus 1939 - 1945
ISBN 3-326-00215-7
(nur noch antiquarisch oder über Bibliotheken erhältlich)
Modelle für ein deutsches Europa
Ökonomie und Herrschaft im Großwirtschaftsraum
(Beiträge zur nationalsozialistischen Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik Band 10)
ISBN 3-88022-959-7
DM 28,-
Besatzung und Bündnis
Deutsche Herrschaftsstrategien in Ost- und Südosteuropa
(Beiträge zur nationalsozialistischen Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik Band 12)
ISBN 3-924737-24-X
DM 26,-
Weg zu Europa
Gedanken über ein Wirtschaftsbündnis Europäischer Staaten (W.E.St.)1945-1989
Für eine politische Union Europas
Presseerklärung des Bundesministers des Auswärtigen vom 25. April 1962. (Auszug).
Bonn: 1990
ISBN 3-87959-438-4
Die Bundesrepublik in den Europäischen Gemeinschaften
Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1989
Herausforderung und Antwort. Ein Programm für Europa
Deutsche Frage und Mitteleuropa-Diskussion
Mitteleuropa - eine deutsche Politiktradition
Zu Friedrich Naumanns Konzeption und ihren Folgen
Wege nach Rußland
Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 19891989-2002
This was the fundamental background for German support of the dissolution of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet-Union. The new Baltic states, the Czech Republic, Croatia and Slovenia were closely bound to the European Union by means of association treaties, whose conditions forced them to restructure their economies. This was combined with the louder and louder propagation of the idea of a Europe with a hard core (Kerneuropa), that is, the creation of a hierarchy within the European Union, the decision-making centre of which was to consist of Germany as the leading power and France as a junior partner. After an attempt by Wolfgang Sch�ble and Karl Lamers in 1993 was firmly repulsed by the other states of the EU, the German concept of a European nucleus with concentric circles of varying depths of production and degrees of bonding has meanwhile been gradually implemented by Gerhard Schr�er and Josef Fischer.
Deutschland und die Völker Südosteuropas
München: Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft, 1993
Deutschland und der nächste Krieg
Maastricht II und die Europastrategien des deutschen Kapitals
Monday, 22 August 2011
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