Saturday, 13 August 2011


Crime in Wartime

In 1939 there had been just over 300,000 indictable offences known to the police in England and Wales. Over the next few years this figure was to increase dramatically.

Teenage blackout gangs became a common problem during the early stages of the war. In once incident, seventeen-year-old James Harvey, was beaten to death by a rival gang near the Elephant and Castle underground station. There was a public outcry when the court accepted the defendants claim that they had not intended to murder Harvey. Convicted of manslaughter, the three convicted gang members were only sentenced to three years, eighteen months and twelve months respectively.

One of the most shocking crimes committed during wartime was the looting from bombed houses. In the first eight weeks of the London Blitz a total of 390 cases of looting was reported to the police. On 9th November, 1940, the first people tried for looting took place at the Old Bailey. Of these twenty cases, ten involved members of the Auxiliary Fire Service.

The Lord Mayor of London suggested that notices should be posted throughout the city, reminding the population that looting was punishable by hanging or shooting. However, the courts continued to treat this crime leniently. When a gang of army deserters were convicted of looting in Kent the judge handed down sentences ranging from five years' penal servitude to eight years' hard labour. Some critics pointed out that Nazi Germany suffered less from this crime as looters were routinely executed for this offence.

In Leeds a judge announced that "more than two whole days have been occupied in dealing with cases of looting which have occurred in one city (Sheffield)... In many cases these looters have operated on a wholesale scale. There were actually two-men who had abandoned well-paid positions, one of them earning £7 to £9 a week, and work of public importance, and who abandoned it to take up the obviously more remunerative occupation of looting."

Chief Inspector Percy Datlen, reported what happened in Dover after one heavy raid: "In cases where there are several houses bombed out in one street, the looters have systematically gone through the lot. Carpets have been stripped from the floors, stair carpets have been removed: they have even taken away heavy mangles, bedsteads and complete suites of furniture."

Widespread fraud was another consequence of the Blitz. The government agreed to pay compensation for people who had been bombed out. Those who owned their houses and lost them during an air raid had to wait until after the war to receive their full compensation, but they could claim an advance of £500 (£20,000) with £50 (£2,000) for furniture and £20 (£800) for clothes.

So many people were losing their homes during 1940 that officials of the local National Assistance Office did not have enough time to check people's claims. This was made even more difficult when the people claimed their identity card and ration book had also been destroyed during the air raid. By 1941 the government realised that they were paying out more than they should and extra staff were brought in to make more detailed checks on the claims being made. One of the first to appear in court was Walter Handy, who was sent to prison for three years for falsely claiming he had been "bombed out" nineteen times in five months.

Another major fraud concerned billeting. On the outbreak of the Second World War the government attempted to evacuate of all children from Britain's large cities. Sir John Anderson, who was placed in charge of the scheme, decided that people living in rural areas would be forced to take in these evacuees. The billetor received 10s. 6d from the government for taking a child. Another 8s. 6d. per head was paid if the billetor took more than one. Some people continued to claim their allowances after the billetor had returned home. Others stole blank billeting forms and filled them in, so that allowances were drawn for non-existent people.

The trade in goods in violation of the official regulations became known as the black market. A secret staff at the Ministry of Food investigated attempts by people to deal with black marketeers. Parliament passed legislation which enabled the courts to impose fines of up to £500, with or without two years' imprisonment, plus three times the total capital involved in the transaction. Eventually around 900 inspectors were employed to make sure that the the statutory orders of the Ministry Food were obeyed by customers, retailers and wholesalers. Investigators discovered that farmers and smallholders were the main source of producing food for the black market.

The Labour Party MP Joseph Clynes described the black market as "treason of the very worse kind" and others in the House of Commons called for the government to introduce new punishments for this offence. As well as "long terms of penal servitude" one called for the use of the cat-o'-nine-tails on the offenders.

Juvenile Delinquents were blamed for the high rate of crimes in crowded tube shelters. As soon as the chosen victim had gone to sleep the thief would quietly carry off their bags. Teenage pickpockets were also kept busy in public air raid shelters. Others concentrated on burgling the houses of those who had gone to public shelters. One fifteen-year-old was told by a magistrate that it was "a crime almost as serious, if not as serious, as looting."

By February 1941 the government announced that all the country's remand homes were full. Soon afterwards two boys of 14 and 15 escaped from Wallington remand home and broke into the Home Guard store at Upper Norwood. Luckily they were arrested before they could do too much damage with their tommy-gun and 400 rounds of ammunition.

Raids on Home Guard armaments stores became a common problem during the war. In February 1943 seven teenage boys stole 2,000 rounds ofsten-gun ammunition. The following month three seventeen-year-olds held up the cashier at the Ambassador cinema in Hayes with three loaded sten-guns that had been stolen from the local Home Guard store. After they were arrested they admitted that they had taken part in 43 other raids in London.

In 1942 Britain suffered from a shortage of alcoholic drinks. This was solved by the illegal production of what became known as "hooch". Organized gangs were busy all over the country mixing pure alcohol with juniper and almond essences. Others used industrial alcohol and methylated spirits. In May 1942 fourteen people died in Glasgow of acute alcoholic poisoning while drinking hooch. Cases like this were reported all over Britain. Many of the victims were soldiers and by October 1942, commanders of American camps, in an effort to protect their men from hooch, began to issue a free bottle of gin or whisky from camp stores to each man going on leave.

The arrival of the United States Army was also blamed for the increase in the crime-rate. In August 1942 Parliament passed the United States of America (Visiting Forces) Act. This enabled American servicemen to be arrested by their own police, interrogated by their own Criminal Investigation Division, tried in their own courts and imprisoned and sometimes executed, in their own prisons (United States Army Disciplinary Training Centres).

This caused some problems concerning the differences between the two country's legal system. For example, eight American servicemen were hanged in Britain after being found guilty of rape during the war. Opponents of capital punishment pointed out that like in the United States, the majority of the men executed for this offence were black.

The most controversial case involved Leroy Henry, a black soldier from St. Louis, who was sentenced to death for raping a white woman in the village of Combe Down. Local people were aware that Leroy Henry had been having a relationship with the woman and tended to believe his story that she accused him of rape after he refused to pay her money. Others were concerned about the way he had been beaten by the Military Police during their investigation. Over 33,000 local people signed a petition calling for Leroy Henry to be reprieved. It was sent to General Dwight Eisenhower and he eventually agreed to grant the soldier his freedom.

The murder-rate increased dramatically in the war. One interesting case involved Harry Dobkin. He soon realized that during the Blitz so many people were killed in air raids that it was impossible for the police to investigate every death. Victims were buried quickly and very few post mortems were carried out. Dobkin murdered his wife, Rachel Dobkin, in April 1941 and buried her under the ruin of Vauxhall Baptist Chapel, hoping she would be discovered as an air raid victim.

The body was not discovered until May 1942. It became clear that the person had not died recently and a pathologist was called in. After examining the body Dr. Keith Simpson argued that the broken bone in the throat suggested that Rachel Dobkin had been strangled. The body was coated in builders' lime. The police came to the conclusion that the murderer had done this to destroy the body. However, he had obviously not known the difference between quicklime and builders's lime, which actually helped to preserve the body.

The jury took only twenty minutes to find Harry Dobson guilty of murder and he was hanged at Wandsworth Prison. This case raised the issue of how many people had been murdered during the war and had been successfully buried in the rubble of bombed out buildings.

One of the most notorious murder cases took place during a week in February 1942. On 9th February, Evelyn Hamilton, was found in an air raid shelter in Marylebone. She had been strangled and her handbag had been stolen. The following day the body of Evelyn Oatley was found in her Wardour Street flat. She had been strangled and mutilated with a tin-opener. Three days later Margaret Lowe was also found strangled and mutilated. On 12th February, a fourth woman, Doris Jouannet, was also found killed in the same way. The newspapers now described the killer as the Blackout Ripper.

Soon after the body of Doris Jourannet was found, the killer attacked a fifth woman. He was disturbed by a delivery boy and the man ran off. He left behind his Gas Mask case. Inside was a service number that identified it as belonging to Gordon Cummings, a twenty-eight year cadet in theRAF. Although he did not have a criminal record or have a history of violence, the evidence against Cummings was overwhelming. His fingerprints were found in two of the flats where the killings took place. He was also found in possession of objects stolen from the women. Cummings was found guilty and executed on 24th June. Later Scotland Yard claimed Cummings had also murdered two other women during air raids in London in October 1941.

The most famous murder case of the war involved a deserter from the United States Army. On 3rd October 1944 Karl Hulten met Elizabeth Jones, a eighteen-year-old Welsh striptease dancer. On their first date they ended up using Hulten's stolen military truck to knock a young girl from her bike and stealing her handbag. The following day they gave a lift to a woman carrying two heavy suitcases. After stopping the car Hulten attacked the woman with an iron bar and then dumped her body in a river.

On 6th October the couple hailed a hire car on Hammersmith Broadway. When they reached a deserted stretch of road they asked the taxi driver to stop. Hulten then shot the driver in the head and stole his money and car. The following day they spent the money at White City dog track.

Jones now told Hulten she would like a fur coat. On 8th October they parked the stolen hire car outside Berkeley Hotel while they waited for a woman to emerge wearing a fur coat. Eventually Jones chose a white ermine coat worn by a woman leaving the hotel. Hulten attacked the woman but before he could get the coat a policeman arrived on the scene. Hulten managed to escape and drive off in his car. However, the following morning, Hulten was arrested as he got into the stolen hire car.

There was great public interest in the case of the GI gangster and his striptease dancer. The public was deeply shocked by the degree of violence the couple had used during their crime spree and it came as no surprise when both Karl Hulten and Elizabeth Jones were found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. Hulten was executed at Pentonville Prison on 8th March 1945 but Jones was reprieved at the last moment and was released in May 1954.

The number of murders in England and Wales rose from 115 in 1940 to 141 in 1945. An increase of 22 per cent. During the same period there was an increase of 44 per cent for wounding and 65 per cent for grievous wounding.


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Recent Riots and Looting

In 1977 the New York Blackout resulted in massive rioting and looting throughout the city of New York.

  • In 1989 during Operation Just Cause, the invasion of Panama, there was massive systematic looting including office towers organized by the Dignity Battalions. Manuel Noriega is called the Father of modern looting.
  • In 1992, during the Rodney King riots, widespread looting occurred in Los Angeles, California.
  • After the United States occupied Iraq, the absence of Iraqi police and the reluctance of the U.S. to act as a police force enabled looters to raid homes and businesses, especially in Baghdad, most notably the Iraqi National Museum. During the looting, many hospitals were stripped of nearly all supplies. However, upon investigation many of the looting claims were in fact exaggerated. Most notably the Iraqi National Museum in which many curators had stored important artifacts in the vaults of Iraq's central bank.[20]
  • In 2005 in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina there was massive looting by some people desperate for food, with police being accused of joining in in some cases. Many were in search of food and water that were not available to them through any other means, as well as non-essential items such as beer and televisions.[21]
  • In 2010 after the Haiti earthquake, slow distribution of the relief aid and the large number of affected people created concerns of civil unrest, marked by looting and mob justice against suspected looters.[22][23][24][25][26]
  • During the 2011 London riots, gangs of youths undertook looting in a number of areas across the capital. [27] It has been suggested that rioting may have been organised [28] but it is unclear by whom, and to what end. London was last subjected to looting by gangs of youths who took advantage of war damage during the Second World War.[29]The 2011 London looting was copied on subsequent nights in other cities around England, including Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham.[30]



A nation of looters: ?????


it even happened in the Blitz



Blitz

Calls for the ‘Blitz Spirit’ following the riots are misguided: looting was rife in London's darkest hour


By Gavin Mortimer

LAST UPDATED 11:31 AM, AUGUST 11, 2011

S

o David Cameron believes we live in a sick society where people loot at will and youngsters have no respect for authority. The gist of the Prime Minister's message on Wednesday seemed to be a lament for a more innocent era, a time when the Great British public would never have dreamt of looting shops and homes no matter how hard times might be. In other words, as more than one anguished commentator has said this week 'whatever happened to the Spirit of the Blitz?'

Yes, indeed, what ever did happen to that fabled Blitz Spirit that saw Britons – particularly Londoners – through the grim days of 1940 and 1941 when the German Luftwaffe raided the capital on 57 consecutive days and nights?

It's one of the great wartime myths that on the Home Front the British people stood as one. Many did, it's true, but just as we've seen a mindless display of opportunistic lawlessness from a few hundred men and women in recent days in London, Birmingham and Manchester, so a minority of Britons robbed and looted during the Blitz – and some of those involved were even younger than the 11-year-old who stood in Highbury Corner youth court on Wednesday accused of looting a Debenhams.

The Luftwaffe began its bombing of British cities on September 7 1940 and the raids continued with savage regularity until May 1941. London had it worst, but Coventry, Liverpool, Glasgow and Hull were also on the receiving end. It didn't take long for a hardcore of opportunists to realise there were rich pickings available in the immediate aftermath of a raid – and the looting wasn't limited to civilians.

In October 1940 Winston Churchill ordered the arrest and conviction of six London firemen caught looting from a burned-out shop to be hushed up by Herbert Morrison, his Home Secretary. The Prime Minister feared that if the story was made public it would further dishearten Londoners struggling to cope with the daily bombardments.

In November 1940 the Germans laid waste to Coventry - and looting there was as prevalent as in London. A 28-year-old man called Chrich was sentenced to three months' hard labour for stealing an 18th-century register from the city's cathedral, while three firemen were given six months for pilfering from a shop.

The looting was often carried out by gangs of children organised by a Fagin figure; he would send them into bombed-out houses the morning after a raid with orders to target coins from gas meters and display cases containing First World War medals. In April 1941 Lambeth juvenile court dealt with 42 children in one day, from teenage girls caught stripping clothes from dead bodies to a seven-year-old boy who had stolen five shillings from the gas meter of a damaged house. In total, juvenile crime accounted for 48 per cent of all arrests in the nine months between September 1940 and May 1941 and there were 4,584 cases of looting.

Joan Veazey, whose husband was a vicar in Kennington, south London, wrote in her diary after one raid in 1940: "The most sickening thing was to see people like vultures, picking up things and taking them away. I didn't like to feel that English people would do this, but they did."

Perhaps the most shameful episode of the whole Blitz occurred on the evening of March 8 1941 when the Cafe de Paris in Piccadilly was hit by a German bomb. The cafe was one of the most glamorous night spots in London, the venue for off-duty officers to bring their wives and girlfriends, and within minutes of its destruction the looters moved in.

"Some of the looters in the Cafe de Paris cut off the people's fingers to get the rings," recalled Ballard Berkeley, a policeman during the Blitz who later found fame as the 'Major' inFawlty Towers. Even the wounded in the Cafe de Paris were robbed of their jewellery amid the confusion and carnage.

Then, as now, the newspapers demanded strong action from the government to curb the looting, though not even the most right-wing papers of 2011 went as far as the Daily Mirror did in November 1940.

"Fines and imprisonment have done nothing to stop the ghouls who rob even bodies lying in the ruins of little homes. Looting is in fact on the increase," thundered its editorial. "The country demands that this crime be stamped out... hang a looter and stop this filthy crime."

The Mirror never got its wish and prison remained the preferred punishment. So who knows, perhaps some of those men and women filing through English courts this week are just headed in the same direction as their grandparents 70 years ago.

Gavin Mortimer is the author of 'The Blitz', Osprey Publishing, 2010

Filed under: UK riots, London riots, David Cameron, Blitz, Nazi Germany, World War Two,Winston Churchill



Posted by Britannia Radio at 11:10


Looting

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Plunder" redirects here. For other uses, see Plunder (disambiguation).
"Ransack" redirects here. For the Transformers character, see Ransack (Transformers).

Looting (Hindi lūṭ, akin to Sanskrit luṭhati, [he] steals; also Latin latro, latronis "thief")—also referred to as sacking, plundering, despoiling, despoliation, andpillaging—is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] orrioting.[3] The term is also used in a broader sense, to describe egregious instances of theft and embezzlement, such as the "plundering" of private or public assets by corrupt or greedy authorities.[4] Looting is loosely distinguished from scavenging by the objects taken; scavenging implies taking of essential items such as food, water, shelter, or other material needed for survival while looting implies items of luxury or not necessary for survival such as art work, precious metals or other valuables. The proceeds of all these activities can be described as loot, plunder, or pillage.

Contents

[hide]

[edit]Looting by type

[edit]War looting

Main article: War loot

Looting originally referred primarily to the plundering of villages and cities not only by victorious troops during warfare, but also by civilian members of the community (for example, see War and Peace,[5] which describes widespread looting by Moscow's citizens before Napoleon's troops enter the town, and looting by French troops elsewhere; also note the looting of art treasures by the Nazis during WWII[6]). Piracy is a form of looting organized by ships on the high seas outside the control of a sovereign government. The Hague Convention of 1907 and the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949, both explicitly ban "pillage" by hostile armies. A common way to avoid this is to establish Custodian of Enemy Property, which handle the property until it can be returned.

[edit]Archaeological removals

Looting can also refer to antiquities formerly removed from countries by outsiders, such as some of the contents of Egyptian tombs which were transported to museums in Europe.[7] Other examples include the obelisks of Pharaoh Amenhotep II, in the (Oriental Museum, University of Durham, United Kingdom), PharaohPtolemy IX, (Philae Obelisk, in Wimborne, Dorset, United Kingdom). Recent controversies include the major part of the architectural sculptures adorning theParthenon, often called the "Elgin Marbles", removed by Lord Elgin, later sold to the British Museum, and claimed by Greece that they should be returned.[8]

Further information: Grave robbery

[edit]Looting of Native American archaeological sites

Jack Lee Harelson looting Elephant Mountain Cave in theBlack Rock Desert ofNevada.

Throughout the history of the United States Native American archaeological sites have been looted, destroying religious sites and relics that date back several hundred years. Many Indian burial sites and sacred grounds have been systematically plundered and destroyed until the 1957 dispute about the Gasquet-Orleans Road. The GO road in what is now the Six Rivers National Forest in the Siskyou Mountain Range was the first logging project that raised public Indian opposition. After several legal disputes and lawsuits, including the 1978 Indian Religious Freedom Act, the case was decided at the Supreme Court.[9]

In 1990, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) became the primary federal legislation pertaining to graves and human remains in archaeological contexts. The act "establishes definitions of burial sites, cultural affiliation, cultural items, associated and unassociated funerary objects, sacred objects, cultural patrimony, Indian tribes, museums, Native Americans and Native Hawaiians, right of possession and tribal land."[10]

In 2002 Federal grand jurors have accused two men, Steven Scott Tripp, 40, of Farmington, and William Thomas Cooksey, 53, of Union, of looting and violating the integrity of an American Indian burial site at southeast Missouri'sWappapello Lake. The looters "illegally excavated, removed, damaged and defaced archaeological resources, and that by doing so they caused at least $1,000 in damage. Gary Stilts, the Army Corps' operations manager there, estimated the damage to be about $14,000".[11] Stilts said about the looting:

“It's a sacred thing. None of us would want anyone digging in our ancestor's grave".”

In 1995, authorities were informed about the looting of Elephant Mountain Cave, located on government property in the Black Rock Desert of Nevada. Jack Lee Harelson, a former insurance agent, looted the site for years, uncovering two burial sites, grave goods, obsidian blades and deer-hoof rattles. Harelson decapitated the two 2000 year old corpses and buried the heads in plastic garbage bags in his backyard. In 1996 a federal court in Oregon found Harelson guilty of corpse abuse and possession of stolen property, resulting in a $20,000 fine and 30 days in jail. (The conviction of corpse abuse was later revoked because the statute of limitations had expired.) In 2002 a federal administrative judge issued a civil penalty of $2.5 million for Harelson for destruction of archaeological resources. [12]

James Patrick Barker, a Bureau of Land Management (BLM) archaeologist for the state of Nevada, describes the Elephant Mountain Cave as one of the most significant sites of the Great Basin. One pair of sandals plundered by Harelson was later estimated to be 10,000 years old, making them one of the oldest pieces of footwear worldwide.[13]

On December 5, 2005 six Ohio residents, Daniel Fisher, 41, and Thomas J. Luecke, 40, of Cincinnati; Richard Kirk, 56, of Stout; Joseph M. Mercurio, 44, and Tanya C. Mercurio, 43, of Manchester; and David Whitling, 47, of Bellefontaine, entered federal ground to dig for artifacts, using "rakes and digging implements to disturb the surface of the ground, creating holes and displacing archaeological sediment in violation of the federal Archaeological Resources Protection Act". The looted site at Barren River Lake includes Early Woodlands ceramics dating back roughly to 1500 to 300 B.C. They looters were sentenced to probation by Judge Thomas B. Russell in federal court after pleading guilty.[14]

[edit]Looting of industry

In the aftermath of the Second World War Soviet forces had engaged in systematic plunder of Germany, including the Recovered Territories which were to be transferred to Poland, stripping it of valuable industrial equipment, infrastructure and factories and sending them to the Soviet Union.[15][16]

[edit]Measures against looting

An FAFN soldier has been caught by French Foreign Legion troops.

During a disaster, police and military authorities are sometimes unable to prevent looting when they are overwhelmed by humanitarian or combat concerns, or cannot be summoned due to damaged communications infrastructure. Especially during natural disasters, some people find themselves forced to take what is not theirs in order to survive. How to respond to this is often a dilemma for the authorities.[17] In other cases, looting may be tolerated or even encouraged by authorities for political or other reasons.

[edit]Examples of looting

[edit]By conquerors

See also: Looted art#Looting of countries
The iconic bust of Nefertiti, was illegally obtained by the Germans during the customary excavations atTell el-Amarna in 1912.[18][19]

[edit]By others

  • In 1977 the New York Blackout resulted in massive rioting and looting throughout the city of New York.
  • In 1989 during Operation Just Cause, the invasion of Panama, there was massive systematic looting including office towers organized by the Dignity Battalions. Manuel Noriega is called the Father of modern looting.
  • In 1992, during the Rodney King riots, widespread looting occurred in Los Angeles, California.
  • After the United States occupied Iraq, the absence of Iraqi police and the reluctance of the U.S. to act as a police force enabled looters to raid homes and businesses, especially in Baghdad, most notably the Iraqi National Museum. During the looting, many hospitals were stripped of nearly all supplies. However, upon investigation many of the looting claims were in fact exaggerated. Most notably the Iraqi National Museum in which many curators had stored important artifacts in the vaults of Iraq's central bank.[20]
  • In 2005 in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina there was massive looting by some people desperate for food, with police being accused of joining in in some cases. Many were in search of food and water that were not available to them through any other means, as well as non-essential items such as beer and televisions.[21]
  • In 2010 after the Haiti earthquake, slow distribution of the relief aid and the large number of affected people created concerns of civil unrest, marked by looting and mob justice against suspected looters.[22][23][24][25][26]
  • During the 2011 London riots, gangs of youths undertook looting in a number of areas across the capital. [27] It has been suggested that rioting may have been organised [28] but it is unclear by whom, and to what end. London was last subjected to looting by gangs of youths who took advantage of war damage during the Second World War. [29]The 2011 London looting was copied on subsequent nights in other cities around England, including Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham.[30]

[edit]See also

[edit]References

  1. ^ "Baghdad protests over looting". BBC News. BBC. 2003-04-12. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
  2. ^ "World: Americas Looting frenzy in quake city". BBC Online Network. BBC. 1999-01-28. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
  3. ^ "Argentine president resigns". BBC News. BBC. 2001-12-21. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
  4. ^ "Definition of the word loot". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. 2010.
  5. ^ War and Peace by graf Leo Tolstoy - Project Gutenberg
  6. ^ "Nazi loot claim 'compelling'". BBC News. October 2, 2002. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  7. ^ "Egypt's Antiquities Chief Combines Passion, Clout to Protect Artifacts". National Geographic News. October 24, 2006.
  8. ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (January 13, 2002). "Elgin Marbles 'should be shared' with Greece". London: The Guardian UK. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  9. ^ Indian Burial and Sacred Grounds Watch. List of News and Campaigns. Available: http://www.ibsgwatch.imagedjinn.com/
  10. ^ Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. Available:http://www.cr.nps.gov/nagpra/
  11. ^ News Tribune. Two accused of looting American Indian graves.News Tribune. Jefferson City. November 29, 2002, Available:http://www.newstribune.com/stories/112902/sta_1129020930.asp
  12. ^ Eric A. Powell. Big Time Fine For Cave Looter. Archaeology. Volume 56, Number 2, March/April 2003, Available:http://www.archaeology.org/0303/newsbriefs/looter.html
  13. ^ Eric A. Powell. Cave Looter Solicits Murder. Archaeology. January 27, 2003. Available:http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/nevadacave/index.html
  14. ^ Neil Relyea. Ohio Residents Sentenced For Looting Native American Archaeological Site. ABC9. WCPO. April 4, 2007, Available:http://www.wcpo.com/news/local/story.aspx?content_id=d135ae6f-11d1-45f7-adf8-5f81d48878d4
  15. ^ "MIĘDZY MODERNIZACJĄ A MARNOTRAWSTWEM" (in Polish).Institute of National Remembrance. Archived from the originalon 2005-03-21. See also other copy online
  16. ^ "ARMIA CZERWONA NA DOLNYM ŚLĄSKU" (in Polish). Institute of National Remembrance. Archived from the original on 2005-03-21.
  17. ^ "Indonesian food minister tolerates looting". BBC News. July 21, 1998. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  18. ^ German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt (...) claimed to have an agreement with the Egyptian government that included rights to half his finds (...). But a new document suggests Borchardt intentionally misled Egyptian authorities about Nefertiti. (English) "Top 10 Plundered Artifacts - Nefertiti's Bust". www.time.com. March 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
  19. ^ Will Nefertiti Return to Egypt for a Brief Visit? Egypt Asks Germany for a Majestic Loan by Stan Parchin (June 17, 2006) about.com
  20. ^ Iraq's Endangered Cultural Heritage: An Update
  21. ^ Photos : Story in Pictures-- Hurricane Katrina : Aug 31, 2005: Looting in Mississippi
  22. ^ "Haiti street justice: The worst in people - 'We are at a moment of disaster,' man says after mob beats suspected looter"
  23. ^ "Looting Flares Where Authority Breaks Down"
  24. ^ "Anarchy looms on streets of Port-au-Prince - 3m survivors could run riot in Haiti unless aid gets in, UN warns"
  25. ^ "Looters roam Port-au-Prince as earthquake death toll estimate climbs - Hunger and thirst turn to violence in Haiti as planes unable to offload aid supplies fast enough"
  26. ^ Sherwell, Philip; and Colin Freeman (16 January 2010). "Haiti earthquake: UN says worst disaster ever dealt with". London: Telegraph Co. uk. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  27. ^ [1]
  28. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/07/trouble-enfield-organised
  29. ^ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWcrime.htm
  30. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14460554

[edit]Sources

  • Abudu, Margaret, et al., "Black Ghetto Violence: A Case Study Inquiry into the Spatial Pattern of Four Los Angeles Riot Event-Types," 44 Social Problems483 (1997)
  • Curvin, Robert and Bruce Porter, Blackout Looting (1979)
  • Dynes, Russell & Enrico L. Quarantelli, "What Looting in Civil Disturbances Really Means," in Modern Criminals 177 (James F. Short, Jr. ed. 1970)
  • Green, Stuart P., "Looting, Law, and Lawlessness," 81 Tulane Law Review 1129 (2007)
  • Mac Ginty, "Looting in the Context of Violent Conflict: A Conceptualisation and Typology," 25 Third World Quarterly 857 (2004)


2005 civil unrest in FrancEurope

Riots in Britain today, France in 2005


Published August 11, 2011


| Associated Press


PARIS – To many in France, the fiery scenes of rioting youth and overwhelmed police around British cities are painfully familiar, mirroring the flames of anger in French suburbs in 2005.

Some reasons for the unrest are similar — seething anger, high unemployment and a chilling event involving police — but the way the violence played out in Britain has highlighted differences. And it's laid bare how little has been done in France to solve the problems that set neighborhoods nationwide aflame for 24 days straight six years back.

When France's riots raged for nearly a month in 2005, cars and public property from schools to bus stops were the prime targets of arson attacks, unlike the random looting and the torching of stores and residential buildings by British youth today.

But noted French criminologist Alain Bauer argues "it's still the same process": In both countries, despairing youths outside the mainstream, often but not always minorities, are dealing with pent up frustration and alienation.

The disenfranchised live "with anger, with unemployment and with greed ... the wish to have the same things, the same labels that you can find in the really rich world," Bauer told The Associated Press.

Those who rampaged in Britain were a more diverse lot than those in France, where mainly immigrants and French of immigrant origin in the largely Muslim housing projects erupted in anger. But in each case, many rioters have seen themselves as outsiders fighting an indifferent system.

"The social mechanisms of segregation are identical," said Sebastian Roche, professor at Grenoble's Institute for Political Studies who closely followed the French riots. "We have two countries, two former colonial empires that today have shrunk and that have taken in (the colonial) populations ... and we're in a situation of economic crisis, high unemployment."

The French riots were sparked by the accidental deaths of two teenagers electrocuted in a power substation while hiding from police chasing them in the heavily immigrant northeast Paris suburb of Clichy-Sous-Bois.

Britain's riots began Saturday when an initially peaceful protest over a police shooting in London's blighted Tottenham neighborhood turned violent and turned into general lawlessness.

In each case, the populations involved lack schooling and qualifications to get jobs and integrate into the mainstream. And, in each case, their neighborhoods were at the receiving end of spending cuts.

But a key difference in the way urban life is laid out in France and Britain may go some way to explaining the difference in how the two waves of unrest unfolded.

In Britain, deprived neighborhoods often lie shoulder-to-shoulder with well-off districts. The deprived quarters of France are, above all, in the outlying housing projects that ring major cities, often with poor public transport to connect them.

Neither French nor British forces were prepared for a sudden, large-scale eruption of angry violence. In France the unrest raged uncontrolled for weeks in far-flung, vast, isolated areas dominated by rioters. Police in Britain faced smaller, albeit more mobile, pockets of unrest in London and other cities.

The riots in France led to strong doubts about a major point of pride in this country — its model of integration that, unlike the multicultural creed, demands that everyone take on the attributes of Frenchness, forsaking his or her origins.

Britain, by contrast, has embraced multiculturalism, which celebrates the differences among ethnic communities.

The riots in each country have underscored tensions in these social models.

Modern technology has also played a role in the differences. British police were faced with rioters who rampaged beyond their own neighborhoods, using Blackberries and Tweets as tools to get out the call to wreak havoc.

Twitter didn't exist during the 2005 France riots, and the rich neighborhoods of Paris were far away from the troubled suburbs home to the rioters.

"In France, there was a sense of awareness that the riots were about something worse than we originally thought," said Michel Wieviorka, a sociologist who has studied social unrest. "We had let these neighborhoods turn into ghettos .... There was a certain comprehension of the source of the criminality."

In Britain, he said, "it is a small group of violent people that is not trying to explain itself other than through violence."

French housing projects that surround major French cities are far from immune to a new bout of rioting.

Samir Mihi, who worked as a mediator with rioters in Clichy-Sous-Bois, said youth in the neighborhood paid little attention to developments in Britain, feeling little kinship with alienated youth across the Channel.

When the riots started in London, "we had the impression of reviewing images of France," said Mihi. That changed when the looting started. "That's not at all what happened in France."

Prospects for French project youth are as grim as ever.

"Things have changed" in Clichy-Sous-Bois, said Mihi, who now works in an anti-discrimination unit of the local prosecutor's office. "There are new buildings, a new school across from the police station, but all that is human has not changed. They're more concerned with construction than the human element."

Experts won't exclude the possibility of a new round of violence in France and agree that the spark would likely be a local trigger, a police blunder or political gaffe — something that could happen at any time.



Read more: http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/08/11/riots-in-britain-today-france-in-2005/#ixzz1Usvo2wxce

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"French riots" and "French civil unrest" redirect here. For the 2007 civil unrest, see 2007 civil unrest in France.
Various scenes from the civil unrest

The 2005 civil unrest in France of October and November (in French Les émeutes des banlieues de 2005) was a series of riots inParis and other French cities,[1][2] involving mainly the burning of cars and public buildings at night starting on 27 October 2005 inClichy-sous-Bois. Events spread to poor housing projects (the cités HLM) in various parts of France. A state of emergency was declared on 8 November 2005. It was extended for three months on 16 November by the Parliament.[3][4][5]

Contents

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Timeline

Main article: Timeline of the 2005 French civil unrest

While tension had been building among the juvenile population in France, action was not taken until the reopening of schools in Autumn, since most of the French population is on holiday during the late summer months. However, riots began on Thursday 27 October 2005, triggered by the deaths of two teenagers in Clichy-sous-Bois, a poor commune in an easternbanlieue(suburb) of Paris. Initially confined to the Paris area, the unrest subsequently spread to other areas of the Île-de-France région, and spread through the outskirts of France's urban areas, also affecting some rural areas. After 3 November it spread to other cities in France, affecting all 15 of the large aires urbaines in the country. Thousands of vehicles were burned, and at least one person was killed by the rioters. Close to 2900 rioters were arrested.

On 8 November, President Jacques Chirac declared a state of emergency effective at midnight. Despite the new regulations, riots continued, though on a reduced scale, the following two nights, and again worsened the third night. On 9 November and the morning of 10 November a school was burned in Belfort, and there was violence in Toulouse, Lille, Strasbourg,Marseille, and Lyon.

On 10 November and the morning of 11 November, violence increased overnight in the Paris region, and there were still a number of police wounded across the country.[6] According to theInterior Minister, violence, arson, and attacks on police worsened on the 11th and morning of the 12th, and there were further attacks on power stations, causing a blackout in the northern part of Amiens.

Rioting took place in the city center of Lyon on Saturday, 12 November, as young people attacked cars and threw rocks at riot police who responded with tear gas. Also that night, a nursery school was torched in the southern town of Carpentras.[7]

On the night of the 14th and the morning of the 15th, 215 vehicles were burned across France and 71 people were arrested. Thirteen vehicles were torched in central Paris, compared to only one the night before. In the suburbs of Paris, firebombs were thrown at the treasury in Bobigny and at an electrical transformer in Clichy-sous-Bois, the neighborhood where the disturbances started. A daycare centre in Cambrai and a tourist agency in Fontenay-sous-Bois were also attacked. Eighteen buses were damaged by arson at a depot in Saint-Étienne. The mosque inSaint-Chamond was hit by three firebombs, which did little damage.

A burnt car in Paris' suburbs

Only 163 vehicles went up in flames on the 20th night of unrest, 15 to 16 November, leading the French government to claim that the country was returning to an "almost normal situation". During the night's events, a Roman Catholic church was burned and a vehicle was rammed into an unoccupied police station in Romans-sur-Isère. In other incidents, a police officer was injured while making an arrest after youths threw bottles of acid at the town hall in Pont-l'Évêque, and a junior high school in Grenoble was set on fire. Fifty arrests were carried out across the country.[8]

On 16 November, the French parliament approved a three-month extension of the state of emergency (which ended on 4 January 2006) aimed at curbing riots by urban youths. The Senate on Wednesday passed the extension - a day after a similar vote in the lower house. The laws allow local authorities to impose curfews, conduct house-to-house searches and ban public gatherings. The lower house passed them by a 346-148 majority, and the Senate by 202-125.[9]

A wine festival in Grenoble, Le Beaujolais nouveau, ended in rioting on the night of 18 November, with a crowd throwing rocks and bottles at riot police. Tear gas was deployed by officers. Sixteen youths and 17 police officers were injured. Though those events might have been easily linked with the riots in Paris suburbs, it appears they differ completely in nature and might just well be considered as predictable "wine festival" casualties, caused by misunderstanding and alcohol.

Triggering event

Areas of Rioting in the Paris region as of 4 November

Citing two police investigations, The New York Times reported that the incident began at 17:20 on Thursday, 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois when police were called to a construction site to investigate a possible break-in. Three teenagers, thinking they were being chased by the police, climbed a wall to hide in a power substation. Six youths were detained by 17:50. During questioning at the police station in Livry-Gargan at 18:12, blackouts occurred at the station and in nearby areas. These were caused, police say, by the electrocution of two boys, Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré; a third boy, Muhittin Altun, suffered electric shock injury from the power substation they were hiding in.[10][11]

"According to statements by Mr. Altun, who remains hospitalized with injuries, a group of ten or so friends had been playing football on a nearby field and were returning home when they saw the police patrol. They all fled in different directions to avoid the lengthy questioning that youths in the housing projects say they often face from the police. They say they are required to present identity papers and can be held as long as four hours at the police station, and sometimes their parents must come before the police will release them." - NY Times[10]

There is controversy over whether the teens were actually being chased. The local prosecutor, François Molins, said that although they believed so, the police were actually after other suspects attempting to avoid an identity check.[12] Molins and Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy maintained that the dead teenagers had not been "physically pursued" by the police. This is disputed by some: The Australian reports, "Despite denials by police officials and Sarkozy and de Villepin, friends of the boys said they were being pursued by police after a false accusation of burglary and that they "feared interrogation".

This event ignited pre-existing tensions. Protesters told The Associated Press the unrest was an expression of frustration with high unemployment and police harassment and brutality. "People are joining together to say we've had enough", said one protester. "We live in ghettos. Everyone lives in fear."[13] The rioters' suburbs are also home to a large, mostly North African, immigrant population, allegedly adding religious tensions, which some right-wing commentators believed contribute further to such frustrations. However, according to Pascal Mailhos, head of the Renseignements Généraux (French intelligence agency) radical Islamism had no influence over the 2005 civil unrest in France.[14]

Context

Main article: Social situation in the French suburbs

Commenting other demonstrations in Paris a few months later, the BBC summarised reasons behind the events included youth unemployment and lack of opportunities in France's poorest communities.[15] This is still a trend occurring in French suburbs today.

The head of the Direction centrale des renseignements généraux found no Islamic factor in the riots, while the New York Times reported on 5 November 2005 that "majority of the youths committing the acts are Muslim, and of African or North African origin" local youths adding that "many children of native French have also taken part."[16]

The BBC reported that French society's negative perceptions of Islam and social discrimination of immigrants had alienated some French Muslims and may have been a factor in the causes of the riots; "Islam is seen as the biggest challenge to the country's secular model in the past 100 years".[17] It reported that there was a "huge well of fury and resentment among the children of North African and African immigrants in the suburbs of French cities".[18] However, the editorial also questioned whether or not such alarm is justified, citing that France's Muslim ghettos are not hotbeds of separatism and that "the suburbs are full of people desperate to integrate into the wider society."[19]

There is a common perception, especially among foreigners and descendants of the recent waves of immigration,[20][21][22] that French society has long made a practice of hiding, or at least whitewashing, its numerous signs and symptoms of racism,[23][24][25] xenophobia and classism, by all accounts at least equal in intensity to those in other European countries.[26]Racial and social discrimination against people with "typically" African phenotypes or Arabic and/or African-sounding names has been cited as a major cause of unhappiness in the areas affected. According to the BBC, "Those who live there say that when they go for a job, as soon as they give their name as "Mamadou" and say they live in Clichy-sous-Bois, they are immediately told that the vacancy has been taken." The nonprofit organization SOS Racisme, associated with the French Socialist Party (PS), said that after they sent identical curriculum vitae (CVs) to French companies with European- and African or Muslim-sounding names attached, they found CVs with African or Muslim sounding names were systematically discarded. In addition, they have claimed widespread use of markings indicating ethnicity in employers' databases and that discrimination is more widespread for those with college degrees than for those without.[27][28]

Assessment of rioting

Assessments of the extent of violence and damage that occurred during the riots are under way. Figures may be incomplete or inaccurate. Some French media sources, includingFrance 3, have decided not to report the extent of damage to avoid any risk of inflaming the situation.

Summary statistics

Further information: Timeline of the 2005 French civil unrest
  • Started: 17:20 on Thursday, 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois.
  • Towns affected: 274 (on 7 November[29])
  • Property damage: 8,973 vehicles (Not including buildings).
  • Monetary damage: Estimated at €200 Million.

Figures and tables

Note: In the table and charts, events reported as occurring during a night and the following morning are listed as occurring on the day of the morning. The timeline article does the opposite.

Map showing the spread of civil unrest through the many different regions of France
Departments with more car burnings than usual
Departments with more car burnings than usual the day before
Full extent

dayNo. of vehicles burnedarrestsextent of riotssources
1.Friday 28 October 2005NA27Clichy-sous-Bois[5]
2.Saturday 29 October 20052914Clichy-sous-Bois[6]
3.Sunday 30 October 20053019Clichy-sous-Bois[7]
4.Monday 31 October 2005NANAClichy-sous-Bois, Montfermeil
5.Tuesday 1 November 200569NASeine-Saint-Denis[8]
6.Wednesday 2 November 200540NASeine-Saint-Denis, Seine-et-Marne, Val-de-MarneVal-d'Oise,Hauts-de-Seine
7.Thursday 3 November 200531529Île-de-France, Dijon, Rouen, Bouches-du-Rhône,Planoise (one death)[9]
8.Friday 4 November 200559678Île-de-France, Dijon, Rouen, Marseille[10] [11]
9.Saturday 5 November 2005897253Île-de-France, Rouen, Dijon, Marseille, Évreux,Roubaix,Tourcoing, Hem, Strasbourg, Rennes,Nantes, Nice, Toulouse,Bordeaux, Pau, Lille[12] [13]
10.Sunday 6 November 20051,295312Île-de-France, Nord, Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Haute-Garonne, Loire-Atlantique, Essonne.[14]
11.Monday 7 November 20051,408395274 towns in total. Île-de-France, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Midi-Pyrénées, Rhône-Alpes, Alsace, Franche-Comté.[15] [16] [17]
12.Tuesday 8 November 20051,173330Paris region, Lille, Auxerre, Toulouse, Alsace, Lorraine, Franche-Comté, Angers[18] [19] [20]
13.Wednesday 9 November 2005617280116 towns in total. Paris region, Toulouse, Rhône,Gironde,Arras, Grasse, Dole, Bassens[21][22]

[23][24] [25]

14.Thursday 10 November 2005482203Toulouse, Belfort[26] [27]

[28]

15.Friday 11 November 2005463201Toulouse, Lille, Lyon, Strasbourg, Marseille[29]
16.Saturday 12 November 2005502206NA[30]
17.Sunday 13 November 2005374212Lyon, Toulouse, Carpentras, Dunkirk, Amiens, Grenoblefr:Violences urbaines de 2005 en banlieue française#Bilan des journées passées
18.Monday 14 November 2005284115Toulouse, Faches-Thumesnil, Halluin, Grenoble[31]
19.Tuesday 15 November 200521571Saint-Chamond, Bourges[32]

[33]

20.Wednesday 16 November 200516350Paris region, Arras, Brest, Vitry-le-François, Romans-sur-Isère[34] [35]
TOTAL20 nights8,9732,888

Response

Main article: Response to the 2005 civil unrest in France

Allegations of an organized plot and Nicolas Sarkozy's controversial comments

Nicolas Sarkozy, interior minister at the time, declared a "zero tolerance" policy towards urban violence after the fourth night of riots and announced that 17 companies of riot police (C.R.S.) and seven mobile police squadrons (escadrons de gendarmerie mobile) would be stationed in contentious Paris neighborhoods.

The families of the two youths killed, after refusing to meet with Sarkozy, met with Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin. Azouz Begag, delegate minister for the promotion of equal opportunity, criticized Sarkozy for the latter's use of "imprecise, warlike semantics", while Marie-George Buffet, secretary of the French Communist Party, criticized an "unacceptablestrategy of tension" and "the not less inexcusable definition of French youth as 'scum'" (racaille, a term considered by some to bear implicit racial and ethnic resonances) by the Interior Minister, Sarkozy; she also called for the creation of a Parliamentary commission to investigate the circumstances of the death of the two young people, which ignited the riots.[30]

State of emergency and measures concerning immigration policy

President Jacques Chirac announced a national state of emergency on 8 November. The same day, Lilian Thuram, a famous Football player and member of the Higher Council for Integration, blamed Sarkozy.[31] He explained that discrimination and unemployment were at the root of the problem. On 9 November 2005, Nicolas Sarkozy issued an order to deport foreigners convicted of involvement, provoking concerns from the left-wing. He told parliament that 120 foreigners, "not all of whom are here illegally" — had been called in by police and accused of taking part in the nightly attacks. "I have asked the prefects to deport them from our national territory without delay, including those who have a residency visa", he said. The far-right French politician Jean-Marie Le Pen agreed, stating that naturalized French rioters should have their citizenship revoked. The Syndicat de la Magistrature, a magistrate trade-union, criticized Sarkozy's attempts to make believe that most rioters were foreigners, whereas the huge majority of them were French citizens.[32] A demonstration against the expulsion of all foreign rioters and demanding the end of the state of emergency was called for on 15 November in Paris by left-wing and human rights organizations.

On 20 November 2005, Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin announced tightened controls on immigration: Authorities will increase enforcement of requirements that immigrants seeking 10-year residency permits or French citizenship master the French language and integrate into society. Chirac's government also plans to crack down on fraudulent marriages that some immigrants use to acquire residency rights and launch a stricter screening process for foreign students. Anti-racism groups widely opposed the measures, saying that greater government scrutiny of immigrants could stir up racism and racist acts and that energy and money was best deployed for other uses than chasing an ultra-minority of fraudsters.

Police

An extra 2,600 police were drafted on 6 November. On 7 November, French premier, Dominique de Villepin, announced on the TF1 television channel the deployment of 18,000 police officers, supported by a 1,500 strong reserve. Sarkozy also suspended eight police officers for beating up someone they had arrested after TV displayed the images of this act of police brutality.[33]

Media coverage

Jean-Claude Dassier, News director general at the private channel TF1 and one of France's leading TV news executives, admitted to self censoring the coverage of the riots in the country for fear of encouraging support for far-right politicians; while public television station France 3 stopped reporting the numbers of torched cars, apparently in order not to encourage "record making" between delinquent groups.[34][35]

Foreign news coverage was criticized by president Chirac as showing in some cases excessiveness (démesure)[36] and Prime Minister de Villepin said in an interview to CNN that the events should not be called riots as the situation was not violent to the extent of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, no death casualties being reported during the unrest itself – although it had begun after the deaths of two youth pursued by the police.[37]

Backlash against French Hip Hop artists

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The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (March 2009)

In the aftermath of the rioting there was a backlash against French rappers and hip hop artists, almost all of whom were of North African Arab heritage. These groups were accused of inciting the youth of the banlieues to riot. For many years French rappers had been creating music which told of the poor conditions they lived in and the strife, racism, poverty, and alleged police brutality. "For more than a decade, French rappers have been venting the anger of an alienated underclass, but rappers say politicians haven't been listening" .[38] After the riots, two hundred French parliament members called for legal action against several French rappers, accusing them of inciting the violence .[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ Beaud, Stéphane; Olivier Masclet (October 2006). "Des " marcheurs " de 1983 aux " émeutiers " de 2005, deux générations sociales d’enfants d’immigrés". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 61: 809–844. ISBN9782200921002. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  2. ^ Canet, R; L Pech, M Stewart (November 2008). "France's Burning Issue: Understanding the Urban Riots of November 2005". SSRN, SSRC.
  3. ^ French emergency state ruled legal
  4. ^ Etat d'urgence justifié pour le ministère de l'Intérieur
  5. ^ Le Conseil d'Etat refuse de suspendre l'état d'urgence
  6. ^ Les violences se stabilisent
  7. ^ Riot erupts in French city centre
  8. ^ Violences urbaines: 163 véhicules incendiés dans la nuit
  9. ^ France extends laws to curb riots
  10. ^ a b Behind the Furor, the Last Moments of Two Youths
  11. ^ Muhittin Altun
  12. ^ Paris gripped by serious new riots
  13. ^ Riots Continue in Paris Suburbs
  14. ^ L'antiterrorisme, selon le patron des RG
  15. ^ Q&A: French labour law row
  16. ^ 10 Officers Shot as Riots Worsen in French Cities
  17. ^ Ghettos shackle French Muslims
  18. ^ Ghettos shackle French Muslims
  19. ^ Violence exposes France's weaknesses
  20. ^ "First French racism poll released". BBC News. 31 January 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  21. ^ [1]
  22. ^ [2]
  23. ^ Crumley, Bruce (6 January 2007). "Racism Unfiltered in France". Time. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  24. ^ [3]
  25. ^ "Report attacks racism in France". BBC News. 17 June 1998. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  26. ^ [4]
  27. ^ French Muslims face job discrimination
  28. ^ Clichy's 'les miserables'
  29. ^ France PM: Curfews to stem riots
  30. ^ "La boîte de Pandore de Sarkozy". L'Humanité. 3 November 2005.
  31. ^ Football heroes blame social injustice
  32. ^ "Comprendre avant de juger : à propos des émeutes urbaines en France (by anthropologist Alain Morice)". Samizdat. 31 December 2005.
  33. ^ Die Banlieues kommen nicht zur Ruhe
  34. ^ French TV boss admits censoring riot coverage
  35. ^ Must-see French TV
  36. ^ Les principales réponses de Jacques Chirac
  37. ^ De Villepin interview: Full text
  38. ^ a b French Rap Musicians Blamed for Violence : NPR

Notes

  1. ^ Article from Le Monde
  2. ^ "Scotsman" on renewal of state of emergency
  3. ^ Indymedia on renewal of state of emergency, #torched cars
  4. ^ "Each night between 40 and 60 cars are torched" according to the Council of State in "Le Canard enchaîné #4442, 14 December 2005.
  5. ^ Renewal of state of emergency (article from Le Monde)

Articles

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2005 France riots
Wikinews has related news:French riots continue into second week
Wikinews has related news:First casualty of French riots reported

External links

Photographs

Analysis

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